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Work of students of grade 11 B of School No. 288 in Zaozersk Erina Maria and Staritsyna Svetlana
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Electricity is a physical term widely used in technology and in everyday life to determine the amount of electrical energy supplied by a generator to the electrical network or received from the network by a consumer. Electrical energy is also a product that is purchased by participants in the wholesale market from generating companies and consumers of electrical energy on the retail market from energy sales companies.
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There are several ways to create electricity: Various power plants (hydroelectric power plant, nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, power plant...) As well as alternative sources (solar energy, wind energy, Earth energy)
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Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century and became widespread. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, thermal power plants were the main type of power plants. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil.
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Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.
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Nuclear power plant is a power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements is then converted into electricity in the same way as in conventional thermal power plants. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.
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About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Everything new in industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry.
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This raises the problem of efficient use of this energy. When transmitting electricity over long distances, from producer to consumer, heat losses along the transmission line increase in proportion to the square of the current, i.e. if the current doubles, then heat losses increase 4 times. Therefore, it is desirable that the current in the lines is small. To do this, the voltage on the transmission line is increased. Electricity is transmitted through lines where the voltage reaches hundreds of thousands of volts. Near cities that receive energy from transmission lines, this voltage is raised to several thousand volts using a step-down transformer. In the city itself, at substations the voltage drops to 220 volts.
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Our country occupies a large territory, almost 12 time zones. This means that while in some regions electricity consumption is at its maximum, in others the working day has already ended and consumption is decreasing. For the rational use of electricity generated by power plants, they are united into electric power systems of individual regions: the European part, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East, etc. This unification allows for more efficient use of electricity by coordinating the operation of individual power plants. Now various energy systems are united into a single energy system of Russia.
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Use of electricity in scientific fields Science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. About 80% of the GDP growth in developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the bulk of which is related to the use of electricity. Everything new in industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. But if in the 19th century these calculations were made using pen and paper, then in the age of the STR (scientific and technological revolution) all theoretical calculations, selection and analysis of scientific data, and even linguistic analysis of literary works are done using computers (electronic computers), which operate on electrical energy, which is most convenient for transmitting it over a distance and using it. But if initially computers were used for scientific calculations, now computers have come from science to life. Electronicization and automation of production are the most important consequences of the “second industrial” or “microelectronic” revolution in the economies of developed countries.Science in the field of communications and communications is developing very rapidly.
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Power transmitted along the three-phase current line P f = U f I f cosφ f Power of three phases with a uniform load: P = 3P f = 3U f I f cosφ f When the loads are connected by a star, then: U f = U l /3; I f = I l P = (3U l I l /3) cosφ f = 3IUcosφ. When connected by a triangle: I f = U l /3; U f = U l Three-phase system power: P = 3*IUcosφ
The power factor or cos φ of the electrical network is the ratio of the active power to the total load power of the design section. cos φ = P/S Only in the case when the load is exclusively active in nature, cos φ is equal to unity. Basically, the active power is less than the total power and therefore the power factor is less than unity. Low consumer power factor leads to: 1. the need to increase the total power of transformers and power plants; 2. to a decrease in the efficiency of generating and transforming elements of the circuit; 3. to an increase in power and voltage losses in wires. It is necessary that as much of the total power as possible be made up of active power, in which case the power factor will be closer to unity. To increase the power factor, you can: change the power and type of installed electric motors; increase the load on electric motors during operation; reduce the idle operating time of equipment consuming inductive power.
Electrical substation Electrical substation is an electrical installation designed for receiving, converting and distributing electrical energy, consisting of transformers or other electrical energy converters, control devices, distribution and auxiliary devices.
Step-up and step-down substations A step-up substation, which contains step-up transformers, increases the electrical voltage with a corresponding decrease in the value of the current, while a step-down substation reduces the output voltage with a proportional increase in the current. The need to increase the transmitted voltage arises in order to save metal used in power transmission line wires. A decrease in the strength of the passing current entails a decrease in energy loss, which is in direct quadratic dependence on the value of the current strength. The main reason for increasing voltage is that the higher the voltage, the greater the power and the greater the distance that can be transmitted along the power line.
Direct current power transmission The most promising way is to use direct current. DC power lines make it possible to transmit more energy through the same wires, in addition, the difficulties associated with inductive reactance and line capacitance disappear. Alternating voltage increasing alternating voltage (transformer) constant voltage alternating voltage (rectifier) (inverter) decreasing to the desired value. (transformer)
Power systems Power systems are power plants in a number of regions of the country, united by high-voltage transmission lines, forming a common electrical network to which consumers are connected. The power system ensures uninterrupted supply of energy to consumers regardless of their location. Now almost all of Russia is supplied with electricity by unified energy systems.
Integrated energy system Integrated energy system (IES) is a set of several energy systems united by a common operating mode, having a common dispatch control as the highest level of control in relation to the dispatch controls of the energy systems included in it. As part of the Unified Energy System of Russia, there are six IPS, the seventh - the IPS of the East - operates in isolation from the Unified Energy System. IPS Center (Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula and Yaroslavl energy systems). IPS of the South (formerly IPS of the North Caucasus), which includes the Dagestan, Kalmyk, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kuban, Rostov, North Ossetian, Stavropol, Chechen and Ingush energy systems.
IPS of the North-West, which includes the Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Kola, Komi, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad energy systems. IPS of the Middle Volga, which includes the Mari, Mordovian, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tatar, Ulyanovsk and Chuvash energy systems. IPS of the Urals, which includes the Bashkir, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Udmurt and Chelyabinsk energy systems. IPS of Siberia, which includes Altai, Buryat, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Khakassia and Chita energy systems. IPS of the East, which includes the Amur, Far Eastern and Khabarovsk energy systems.
PRODUCTION, USE AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY.
Electricity production. Type of power plants
Efficiency of power plants
% of all generated energy
Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can be easily converted into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc. Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can be easily converted into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc.
The twentieth century became the century when science invades all spheres of social life: economics, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to expanding the scope of application of electrical energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources poses a danger to future generations, the urgent tasks of science are the development of energy-saving technologies and their implementation in life. The twentieth century became the century when science invades all spheres of social life: economics, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to expanding the scope of application of electrical energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources poses a danger to future generations, the urgent tasks of science are the development of energy-saving technologies and their implementation in life.
Electricity use: Electricity consumption doubles in 10 years
Spheres
farms
Amount of electricity used,%
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Life
70
15
10
4
Let's look at these questions using specific examples. About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments after computer calculations are tested experimentally. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes, etc. Here, scientific research tools are diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance imaging scanners, etc. The main part of these instruments of experimental science operate on electrical energy. Let us consider these issues using specific examples. About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments after computer calculations are tested experimentally. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes, etc. Here, scientific research tools are diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance imaging scanners, etc. The bulk of these instruments of experimental science are powered by electrical energy.
But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics associated with the receipt and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, direct current must be supplied to the rotor in order for a “magnetic force” to arise. But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics associated with the receipt and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, direct current must be supplied to the rotor in order for a “magnetic force” to arise.
Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry. The bulk of industrial enterprises operate on electrical energy. High electricity consumption is typical for energy-intensive industries such as metallurgy, aluminum and mechanical engineering. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction. Almost all villages and villages receive electricity from state power plants for industrial and domestic needs.