ALTAI LANGUAGES, a macrofamily of languages spoken by different peoples living in western, central and northern Asia, as well as Eastern Europe. 39 Altaic languages are spoken in total approx. 200 million people. The macrofamily includes three commonly distinguished families: Tungus (9 languages, less than 200 thousand speakers), Mongolian (8 languages, about 6 million speakers) and Turkic (21 languages, about 115 million speakers). Currently, it has also been proven that the Korean and Japanese languages belong to the Altai family.
Tungusic-Manchu languages are spoken in northern and eastern Siberia, as well as in northeastern China. The family includes Manchu (now almost extinct), Evenki, Even, Negidal, Nanai, Ulch, Orok, Oroch and Udege.
Mongolian languages are spoken primarily in Mongolia, but also in parts of Russia, China and Afghanistan. The most widely spoken of these languages is Mongolian, the official language of Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC). Other languages of the family are Kalmyk, Buryat, Oirat, Mughal, Dagur, Mongolian, Dongxiang, Baoan and Shira-Yugur languages.
Turkic languages are widespread over vast areas from the Balkans to Eastern Siberia ( cm. TURKIC LANGUAGES).
According to most scholars, the Altaic languages can be combined into one macrofamily on the basis of systematic phonetic correspondences that were established after loanwords were excluded from consideration. In addition, the Altaic languages are characterized by fundamental structural similarities. In all languages, enclitics and suffixes that are similar in appearance often exhibit the same function. The relationship between the Turkic and Mongolian languages is closer than between both of these groups and the Tungusic languages, which, however, may be due to close contacts between the Turkic and Mongolian languages during various periods of their history. At the same time, all three of these families are closer to each other than any of them is to Korean and Japanese.
An often mentioned structural feature common to the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic languages is synharmonism (similarity of vowels within one word). If at the base (the first part) of a word there are front vowels (like i or e), all suffixes appearing in the variants give front vowels (such as e, ö, ü ); if the stem has back vowels ( a, o, u), then the suffixes also contain back vowels. In the Tungusic languages, synharmonism of a slightly different type is presented (assimilation not by row, but by rise). In all Altai languages, the initial syllable of a word cannot begin with a combination of several consonants.
At the grammatical level, the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic languages are characterized by the absence of the category of gender and the optional expression of the category of number (unlike the Indo-European and Semitic languages); using a pure stem as the imperative mood for verbs and the nominative case for nouns; the almost complete absence of prefixes with the active use of sequences of suffixes (in a process usually called agglutination) to create lexical and grammatical contrasts; the prevalence of postpositions over prepositions. At the syntactic level, these languages are characterized by a relationship of subordination, when the definition precedes the defined, the dependent member to the dominant, the subject to the predicate, and the adverb to the verb; verbs often come at the end of sentences.
The Altai language family is part of the Nostratic macrofamily, within which it is characterized by particular closeness to the Uralic and Dravidian families.
The Altaic language family is a macrofamily of languages spoken by different peoples living in western, central and northern Asia, as well as in Eastern Europe. 39 Altaic languages are spoken in total approx. 200 million people. The macrofamily includes three commonly distinguished families: Tungus-Manchu (9 languages, less than 200 thousand speakers), Mongolian (8 languages, about 6 million speakers) and Turkic (21 languages, about 115 million speakers). Currently, it has also been proven that the Korean and Japanese languages belong to the Altai family. The Altai language family is part of the Nostratic macrofamily, within which it is characterized by particular closeness to the Uralic and Dravidian families.
The emergence of scientific altaic studies is associated with the names of B. Ya. Vladimirtsov, G. J. Ramstedt and N. N. Poppe. G. Ramstedt substantiated the kinship not only of the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu languages, but also of Korean. Subsequently, R. Miller put forward, and S. A. Starostin finally substantiated the belonging to the same family of the Japanese language. A number of researchers (G. D. Sanzheev, A. M. Shcherbak, J. Clawson, A. Rona-Tash, A. Vovin, S. Georg, G. Dörfer, J. Jankhunen, V. L. Kotvich, D. Nemeth , L. Ligeti, D. Sinor) consider the relationship of the Altai languages to be unproven, deny the previous theory of a single Altai proto-language, the external relationship of the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic languages is explained on the basis of their convergence (convergence), and not divergence from one root, leaving it to the Altai community only areal and typological status.
GRAMMARICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY LANGUAGE Phonology Phonological systems of modern times. Altaic languages have a number of common properties. Consonantism: restrictions on the occurrence of phonemes in the position of the beginning of a word, a tendency to weaken in the initial position, restrictions on the combinability of phonemes, a tendency towards an open syllable. Noisy plosives are usually contrasted by strength-weakness or by sonority-dullness; glottalization does not occur. These systems are a development of the phoneme system restored for the Proto-Altaic language.
Morphology In the field of morphology, the Altaic languages are characterized by agglutination of the suffix type. There are also certain typological differences: if Western Turkic languages are a classic example of agglutinative languages and have almost no fusion, then in Mongolian morphology we find a number of fusional processes, as well as not only morphonological, but also morphological distributions affixes, that is, a clear movement in the direction of inflection. The Eastern Turkic languages, which came under Mongolian influence, also developed a powerful fusion. Grammatical categories of names in the Altai languages of the mainland branch - number, affiliation, case; in Japanese and Korean - case. The affixes of number are characterized by great diversity and a tendency to string together within the limits of one word form several indicators of the plural, followed by gluing them into one; many indicators show material similarity with the suffixes of collective names, from which, apparently, they originate. The easy transition of the meaning of the affix from derivational collective to grammatical plurality is associated with the nature of the use of the plural in the Altai languages: it is expressed only in the marked case, sometimes only lexically. For Proto-Altaic, a large number of collective affixes with various shades of meaning are restored.
Syntax Altaic languages are nominative languages with a predominant word order SOV and preposition of definition. In the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu languages there are izafet constructions with a possessive indicator for the word being defined. The existential way of expressing possession is mainly used (that is, “I have”, not “I have”), except in Mongolian, where possession is expressed using a special adjective in -taj (such as “I am a horse”; adjectives of possession and non-possession are and in other mainland Altai languages). In Japanese and Korean sentences, actual division is necessarily formally expressed. The term “Altai type of complex sentence” is associated with the preference given by Altai languages to absolute constructions with a verb in a non-finite form over subordinate clauses.
TURKIC BRANCH The area of distribution of the Turkic languages extends from the Kolyma River basin in Siberia to the southwest to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The total number of speakers is more than 167.4 million people.
The earliest deciphered written monuments of the Turks date back to the 7th century. n. e. (steles written in runic script, found on the Orkhon River in northern Mongolia). Throughout their history, the Turks used the Turkic runic (which apparently dates back to the Sogdian script), the Uyghur script (later passed from them to the Mongols), Brahmi, Manichaean script, and Arabic script. Currently, writing systems based on the Arabic, Latin and Cyrillic alphabet are common.
MONGOLIAN BRANCH A family within the Altaic macrofamily, which includes several fairly closely related languages of Mongolia, China, Russia and Afghanistan. According to lexicostatistics data, they collapsed around the 5th century AD. e. The carriers are Mongolian peoples, united by cultural commonality and linguistic affiliation. In addition, Classical Mongolian served as the written language of Tuvans until 1940. A characteristic feature of the Mongolian languages is a significant number of Turkic borrowings, which, given the influence of the Mongolian language on the Turkic languages in historical times, significantly complicates the problem of studying linguistic connections. To this day, in Mongolia and China there are a number of ethnic groups of Turko-Mongolian bilinguals (Khotons, Yellow Uyghurs). This type of bilingualism was probably more common in the past.
TUNGUSO-MANCHU BRANCH A family of related languages of the Altaic macrofamily in Siberia (including the Far East), Mongolia and northern China. They are usually classified as belonging to the Altaic language family of the Nostratic macrofamily, but there is also a point of view that explains the similarities between the Tungus-Manchu and Altaic languages by their geographical proximity and mutual influence. The Tungus-Manchu languages include: Manchu; Nanai; Negidal; Orochi; Orok; Solonsky; Ulchsky; Udege; Jurchen (was close to the Manchu language); Evenki; Evensky
Within Siberia, 72,058 people classified themselves as Tungus-Manchus (2002 census). In particular: Evenks - 34,989 people. Evens - 18,886 people. Nanais - 11,947 people. Ulchi - 2852 people. Udege - 1622 people. Orochi - 644 people. Negidalians - 527 people. Oroks - 327 people. basins - 276 people. The number of speakers of the languages of the Tungus-Manchu group is much smaller, since they are mainly spoken by the older generation.
VALENTIN ALEXANDROVICH AVRORIN December 10 (23), 1907, Tambov - February 26, 1977, Leningrad) - Soviet linguist, specialist in the field of Tungus-Manchu languages, including the Nanai language, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Researcher of problems of typology, comparative historical linguistics, sociolinguistics. In 1930 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Ethnology of Leningrad State University. Doctor of Philological Sciences (1956). On June 26, 1964, he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Professor of the Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Novosibirsk University, first dean of the faculty. Main works: Grammar of the Nanai language (vol. 1-2, 1959-1961); Languages and folklore of the peoples of the Siberian North (1966), Essays on the syntax of the Nanai language (edited by academician I. I. Meshchaninov, Leningrad, 1948); On the classification of Tungus-Manchu languages (XXV International Congress of Orientalists. Reports of the USSR delegation. M., 1960); Nanai language (Languages of the peoples of the USSR. Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and Paleo-Asian languages, vol. 5, Leningrad, 1968) Grammar of the Manchu written language. SPB 2000
JAPANESE-RYUKYU BRANCH A family of languages in the Japanese archipelago and the Ryukyu Islands. Genetic connections with other language families have not been fully elucidated. There is a hypothesis that Japanese languages belong to the Altai family. They come from a common ancestor - the Proto-Japanese language. The number of carriers is about 125 million.
The family includes: Japanese (日本語) § § § Hokkaido dialect Kansai dialect Eastern dialects - northeastern part of the island. Honshu Western dialects - western part of the island. Honshu and Fr. Shikoku southern dialects - o. Kyushu Ryukyu languages (琉球語) § Amami-Okinawan language § Amami dialect - Amami Islands § Okinawan dialect - Okinawa Islands § Sakishima language - Sakishima Islands § Miyako dialect - Miyako Islands § Yaeyama dialect - island wa Yaeyama § Yonagun language (Yonaguni) - o. Yonaguni The question of whether the extinct Goguryeo language belongs to the Japanese branch (was widespread in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BC - 668 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) is controversial. Sometimes included in the Korean branch.
KOREAN BRANCH The Korean language has several dialects throughout the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula's topography is predominantly mountainous, and the "territory" of each dialect roughly corresponds to geographic regions. Most dialects are named after the Eight Provinces of Korea.
DIALECTS WITH STATE STATUS Seoul dialect is the official language of South Korea. It is spoken in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi Province in South Korea, as well as in the Kaesong region in North Korea. Pyongyang dialect is the official language of North Korea. It is spoken in Pyongyang, Gwangso region and Chagang-do province. In addition to these dialects, there are many more regional ones. The breadth of their use varies from one settlement to a province.
DEAD LANGUAGES OF MEDIEVAL KOREA The languages of the medieval kingdoms of Korea (Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo) appear to have been closely related to modern Korean, but the degree of relationship between each of these languages remains a matter of debate. The Koguryo language, which is sometimes compared to the Japanese language, has defended itself to the greatest extent from the Korean language.
Altai family
The largest in the Altai family Turkic group(11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Tuvinians, Karachais, Khakassians, Balkars, Altaians, Shors, Dolgans, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, etc. Representatives of this group - Tatars - are the second in number of people of Russia after the Russians.
The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.
Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).
The third area of settlement of Turkic peoples is the North Caucasus (Nogais, Karachais, Balkars).
The Altai family also includes: Mongolian group(Buryats, Kalmyks); Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Evenks, Nanai, Ulchi, Udege, Orochi),
Ural family
The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Finns, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Hungarians, Sami. In addition, this family includes Samoyed group(Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans), Yukaghir group(Yukaghirs). The main area of residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.
North Caucasian family represented mainly by peoples Nakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) and Abkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Adygeis, Circassians, Abazas). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.
Representatives also live in Russia Chukotka-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen); Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts); Kartvelian family (Georgians) and peoples of other linguistic families and nations (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).
The languages of all peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.
Russia, being multinational republic
in my own way state structure
, is federation
built on a national-territorial principle.
The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993).
The Russian Federation includes 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous region). The total area of national entities is 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russian. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed across various regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, some of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gives the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. Thus, of the 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority (Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks , Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population (see table 11 p. 37 Dronov) Karelia (10%) and Khakassia (11%) have the lowest share of “titular” peoples.
A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest mineral deposits, to build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the major peoples in most autonomous okrugs (and the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. In only one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug the titular peoples make up the majority (62%).
The dispersion of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially Russians, contribute to their assimilation.
III. Altai language family:
Turkic-speaking group: (Karachais, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais)
Mongolian language group (Kalmyks)
The language classification is based on two criteria: language and ethnicity. Language in general is the basis of human culture, since it is a purely human way of transmitting information through a system of specially produced symbols. The emergence of language went in parallel with the development of culture and the formation of modern man. The ethnological meaning of linguistic classification is that peoples belonging to the same linguistic family usually have common elements in their material and spiritual culture.
Among the various types of classifications of ethnic groups, linguistic (linguistic) classification is perhaps the most important, since it gives the most specific idea of the ethnic kinship of the respective peoples, of the common origins of a particular culture. The ethnic differentiation of humanity is complex. In this regard, when forming an ethnic picture of the world, linguistic classification takes into account the strict linguistic kinship between peoples and the ethnic identity of each of them.
Multilingualism- the use of several languages within a certain social community (primarily the state); the use by an individual (group of people) of several languages, each of which is selected in accordance with a specific communicative situation. It is customary to distinguish between “individual” and “national” multilingualism, the latter being the object of sociolinguistic study. On the largest scale, multilingualism is characteristic of multinational states (USSR, USA, India, Nigeria, etc.). In conditions of multilingualism, communicative forms (languages, dialects, dialects, social and professional jargons, etc.) form a functional hierarchy, for example: 1) narrow local means of intra-group communication (“home” languages), 2) local means of intergroup everyday communication (so called the language of the “bazaar” in multi-tribal rural communities of Asia and Africa), 3) the language of an administrative (or national) region, 4) the language of a multinational region, 5) a national language (can also be “supranational”, i.e. international)
Multilingualism is most often realized in the form bilingualism (bilingualism); Cases of widespread proficiency in three or more languages are relatively rare. For multilingualism (bilingualism), the functional status of the languages used and the degree of their proximity - genetic or typological - are essential. On the basis of multilingualism, interference and convergence of languages occur, and linguistic unions are formed.
First of all, of course, you should turn to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 68), which clearly states:
1. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is Russian.
2. Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In state government bodies, local self-government bodies, and state institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.
3. The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and create conditions for its study and development.
5. Protection and support of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation contributes to the multiplication and mutual enrichment of the spirit of culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
7. The obligation to use the state language of the Russian Federation should not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of the right to use the state languages of the republics located within the Russian Federation and the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
Main directions of the language policy of the Russian Federation. Basically, the language sphere is regulated by two normative legal acts - the Law “On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation” of 1991 and the Law “On the state language of the Russian Federation”. The institutionalization of the filtration-protectionist model of language policy in Russia occurred with the adoption of the Law in 2005 "About the state language". Thus, according to the Law, the use of words and expressions that do not comply with the norms of the modern Russian literary language is not allowed, with the exception of foreign words that do not have commonly used analogues in the Russian language.
Another no less effective instrument of state language policy has become Federal target program "Russian language", aimed at stimulating the further development of the Russian language in Russia and beyond.
The scale of the functioning of the Russian language allows us to highlight the following priority areas within the framework of the designated program: the Russian Federation, the CIS and Baltic countries, as well as non-CIS countries.
The North Caucasus is a very linguistically rich region, which is distinguished by its multinationality (more than 50 autochthonous peoples) and extraordinary linguistic fragmentation. With all the diversity of languages of the North Caucasus, a rather difficult situation has developed in modern times: almost all languages of the North Caucasus have been recognized by UNESCO as endangered. This list includes twenty languages of the Nakh-Dagesgan group: Andean, Archa, Akhvakh, Bagvalin, Bezhta, Agul, Botlikh, Godoberin, Gunzib, Karata, etc. - and two languages of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group: Abaza and Pshtsug. and some Caucasian peoples (Abazas, Shapsugs) are included in the “Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation”
An urgent task in the North Caucasus at present is the protection of the linguistic and cultural diversity of the peoples of this region. Urgent tasks for the preservation and development of endangered languages include solving issues of language construction: studying the real possibilities of expanding the social functions of national state languages, developing their literary norms, publishing textbooks and teaching aids, the text content of which would reflect the spiritual heritage and linguistic picture of the world of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their moral ideals and ethnopsychology. Modern language policy is associated with the traditions of its implementation in the North Caucasus region and the country as a whole.
Question No. 14 Ethno-confessional characteristics of the peoples of the South of Russia
The concepts of ethnicity and religion.
Traditional beliefs and stages of penetration of world religions into the South of Russia.
Specifics of Islam in the North Caucasus, tariqas.
Religious separatism.
"North Caucasian Wahhabism".
The Tibeto-Mongolian form of Buddhism is Lamaism among the Kalmyks.
Orthodoxy in the South of Russia. Non-traditional religious associations in the South of Russia.
1. Ethnicity- historically established in def. Territory and stable set of people who have common and stable elements of maternal culture, a common language, traditions, spiritual values, a common ethnopsychic make-up, as well as an awareness of their unity and difference from all other cultural groups Confession- a system containing the following components: Religious consciousness (including the doctrine of a higher spiritual principle) Cultural activity, the function of which is to maintain the believer’s attachment to the confession, to oblige and develop the constancy of religious feelings
2. . In the south of Russia, all three world religions are clearly represented: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.
3. It is believed that the southern part of Russia is the cradle of Christianity in our country. It appeared in the beginning. 1st century AD Also, from the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd century. AD in Georgia, Armenia and Kavk Albania Soon, at the end of the 3rd century, Armenia, Georgia and Kavk Albania (now North Azerb) became the first countries in the world with Christ as their state. religion. In Russian Orthodox population the church uses it means. trust. However, most of them have little understanding of dogma and do not observe rituals. The fact is that during the years of Soviet power, Orthodoxy, like other confessions, and even to a greater extent, was subjected to persecution and repression.
4. The second largest group, but uniting the majority of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus, is the Muslims. confession. Islam is a world monotheistic religion. Originated in Hijaz (at the beginning of the 7th century) The founder of Islam is Muhammad (Muhammad, Mohammed) (570?-632) The main source of Muslim doctrine is the Koran, the Second source of Muslim doctrine is the Sunnah. The majority of Muslims in the North Caucasus are Sunnis. Also in Islam there is a mystical and ascetic teaching - Sufism. Every person should strive to renounce his mother self in order to merge with the Divine. This is achieved by passing through four stages: 1) Sharia - law, exact fulfillment of religious instructions, 2) tariqa - path, suppression of the will and love of God, 3) marifat - knowledge of the unity of the universe in God, 4) haqiqat - truth, complete immersion in God.
The emergence of extremist movements in the UK "North Caucasian Wahhabism"(Dagestan, Chechnya, Karachay, Balkaria, Nogais). The purpose of Wahhabism- to tie together, to create a certain integrity, although the source material may not be feudal lands and clans, but ethnic groups and subethnic groups. Wahhabism appeared and gradually began to spread to Sev Kav. There are 2 main centers of Wahhabism here - RD and KCR. These republics are multinational. Two wings can be distinguished among the Wahhabis - reformist and radical. They have one primary goal: the Islamization of the entire population of the region and, ultimately, the establishment of an independent Islamic state throughout the North Caucasus.
Buddhism. This religion became most widespread in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and adopted a regular form of Buddhism - Lamaism. Lamaism arose in Tibet in the 18th century. In the Russian Federation it has followers, mainly in Buryatia, the Republic of Kazakhstan and Tuva. The beginning of the formation of Lamaism in Kalmykia dates back to the 17th-18th centuries.
Orthodoxy in the South of Russia represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1701, the Azov diocese was established, and since 1718, the parishes of the Don Army were subordinated to the Voronezh diocese. In 1777-78. The government resettles several Don Cossack villages to the Kuban, and in 1792, former Cossacks. The territories of the Southern Republic were subordinated to the Ekaterinoslav diocese, and later to the Astrakhan diocese. In 1829, they became part of the newly formed Novocherkassk and Georgievsk (Don) diocese. At present, in the Southern Republic, the Russian Orthodox Church has 7 dioceses, which are among the largest in the church: Stavropol, uniting the parishes of the Stavropol Territory and 6 North Caucasian republics - Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan; Maykop and Adygei - parishes of Adygea; Ekaterinodar and Kuban - Krasnod parishes. edges; Rostov and Novocherkassk are the parishes of the Rostov region, as well as the Volgograd, Astrakhan-Enotaevsk, Elista and Kalmyk Dioceses. There are religious institutions. education, both lower - Sunday schools (205 in the region), and higher levels - Stavropol Theological Seminary, Rostov Diocesan Theological School. In the south of Russia, Orthodox printed publications are published - the monthly newspaper “Orthodox Voice of Kuban” (Krasnodar) and “Tserkovny Vestnik” (Rostov-on-Don), published in small circulations.
6. Netrad rel obed:
Neo-Christian(Protestant organizations, Vassarion Church)
Neorientalist(Hare Krishnas)
Neopagan(Slavic-Aryan Vedas)
Space(belief in cosmic energy)
Satanist(generally rat houses, Voodoo society)
Doukhobors. Followers of one of the forms of old Russian sectarianism, “spiritual fighters of Christ.” The movement arose in Ukraine and central Russia, then penetrated into the lands of the Don Army. Its adherents reject the hierarchy and ritualism of the Orthodox Church. While they accept the basic ideas of the Bible, they do not consider it “holy scripture.” Currently There are about 3 thousand Doukhobors living in the Rostov Region and Sev Kav. -Jehovah's Witnesses-Ilintsy. Russian sect that arose in the Urals. God should be worshiped under his true name, Jehovah. The teachings and religious practices of Jehovah's Witnesses combine motifs from Christianity, Judaism and other religions.
Question No. 15 Traditional culture of the peoples of the Republic of Yugoslavia.
Traditional culture: concept, essence, typological differences.
Traditionalism as a factor of sociocultural identification.
General and special in the traditional material and spiritual culture of the peoples of the region.
Masculine type of culture.
Labor and family and marriage traditions and rituals: mutual assistance, kunachestvo, hospitality, veneration of elders, family solidarity.
Epics of the peoples of the South of Russia.
Characteristic features and main stages in the formation of the literatures of the peoples of the South of Russia.
Traditional folk art.
Peculiarities of mutual influence of ethnic cultures of the peoples of the region
1. Traditional culture– a type of culture characterized by social regulation, adaptation to the environment and human development based on the reproduction of stereotypes of behavior and thinking (traditions), the priority of “maintaining” (repetition) of habitual norms of behavior over the rational-volitional principle. Accordingly, traditional culture this is a culture that ensures human adaptation to the natural environment and changes (development) of the person himself, primarily based on tradition
Turkic group: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans, Yakuts, Chuvashs, Khalkhas (Khalkha-Mongols), Buryats, Oirats , Kalmyks, Mongors, Dongxiang.
Tungus-Manchu group: Evenks, Evens, Nanais, Udeges, Manchus, Koreans, Japanese.
11. URAL-YUKAGIR FAMILY
Ural group:Finno-Ugric subgroup: Finns, Karelians, Estonians, Sami, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Khanty, Mansi, Hungarians; Samoyed subgroup: Nenets, Nganasans, Selkups.
Yukagir group: Yukaghirs.
12. AUSTROASIAN FAMILY
Mon-Khmer group: Mons, Khasis, Khmers, Vietnamese, Muong, Senoi, Semang.
Munda group: munda, Santaly.
13. PARATAI FAMILY
Thai group: Siamese, Lao, Thai, Shan, Zhuang, Bui, Yuan.
Kam-su group: dun.
Whether the group: whether.
Gelao group.
14. NILO-SAHARAN FAMILY: Songhai, Tubu, Maba, Fur, Sara, Bagirmi, Bongo, Moru-Mangbetu, Nubian, Luo, Dinka, Maasai, Kalenjin, Berta, Kunama.
15. NORTH CAUCASIAN FAMILY
Abkhazian-Adyghe group: Abkhazians, Adygeis, Circassians, Kabardians.
Nakh-Dagestan group: Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Laks, Dargins, Lezgins.
16. KARTVEL FAMILY: Georgians.
17. MIAO-YAO FAMILY: Miao, Yao.
18. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY: Aboriginal Australians.
19. KHOISAN FAMILY: Khoi-Koin (Hottentots), mountain Dammaras.
20. Eskimo-Aleutian family: Eskimos, Aleuts.
21. CHUKOTKA-KAMCHATA FAMILY: Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Itelmen.
22. PAPUA FAMILIES: Chimbu, Dugum-Dani, Kapauku, Bunak, Bongu, Ternatians.
23. Indian Families
FAMILY ON-DEN: Athapaskan, Navajo, Apache, Tlingit, Haida.
NORTH AMERINDIAN FAMILY: Algonquin, Iroquois, Sioux, Maya, Quiché, Kicche.
CENTRAL AMERINDIAN FAMILY: Shoshone, Aztec, Otomi, Mixtec, Zapotec.
CHIBCA-PAES FAMILY: chibcha, paes, lenka.
ANDEAN FAMILY: Quechua, Aymara, Araucanas.
EQUATORIAL-TUCANOAN FAMILY: Arawaks, Guaranis, Jibaros, Tucanos.
JE-PANO-CARIBBEAN FAMILY: Caribbean, pano, same.
Peoples speaking isolated languages:
24. ANDAMAN FAMILY: Andamanese.
25. AIN.
26. KUSUNDA.
27. NIVKHI.
28. BASQUES.
29. YENISEI FAMILY: chum salmon
30. BURISHI.
31. WANT.
Ethnic characteristics of regions of the world
Europe is a region with a predominance of peoples of the Indo-European family, with Germanic peoples living in the center and north, Romance peoples in the south and west, Slavic peoples in the east and partly south. Romanians and Moldovans live separately from the main Romanesque area. Interspersed with other families on the map of the region are the Hungarians, who came here from the Urals, and the Finns - the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Yukaghir family. The Turkic group of the Altai family is represented in the region - these are Turks concentrated in the European part of Turkey and in some other countries of South-Eastern Europe. In the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain, and partly in France, live the Basques, who belong to the oldest population of Europe and speak an isolated language. A special place in the ethnic composition of the region is occupied by German Jews (see linguistic classification), as well as gypsies, nomadic peoples of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family. Most of the peoples of Europe had formed as nations by the middle of the 19th century. About half of the states are single-national, where about 90% of the total population is the main nationality. Countries with foreign ethnic groups include French
tion, Romania, to multinational states - Belgium, Switzerland, Great Britain, etc.
IN Asia More than a thousand peoples live, speaking languages of different families, at different stages of ethnic development and significantly different in numbers. A common feature of most states is multinationality. This region is home to the largest ethnic groups in the world with a population of more than 100 million people. According to the national composition and the nature of ethnic relationships, all countries in the region are divided into the following groups: mononational - the main ethnic group makes up more than 95% of the total population (Japan, Korea, Bangladesh, most Arab countries); countries where the main ethnic group is 70-95% (Vientam, Cambodia, Türkiye, Syria, etc.); countries where the main ethnic group is about 50% (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos); countries inhabited by many large nations, none of which predominates (India, Indonesia, Philippines). South-West Asia represents a rather complex ethnic territory, a kind of bridge between Europe and Africa, Africa and Asia, through which the movement of ethnic groups took place and continues to take place. In this mesoregion, three historical ethnic layers are observed: the ancient Iranian and Roman peoples, the ancient Thracian tribes, and the Turkic peoples. Palestine forms a separate ethnic territory, where two peoples - the Jews of Israel and the Arab peoples - have been fighting for many years. Mostly peoples of the Semitic family live here. In South Asia live the peoples of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family and the Dravidian family, belonging to the largest ethnic groups in the world (Hindi, Bengalis, Marathas, Tamils, Telugus, etc.). The peoples of East Asia belong to the Sino-Tibetan, Altai, and Miao-Yao families. Southeast Asia is represented by ethnic groups of the Paratai, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian families. In addition, Iranian ethnic groups, Greeks, and Armenians belonging to the Indo-European family live in Asia.
Peoples Africa are still poorly studied, so various versions of their classifications can be found in the literature. At the same time, it is customary to highlight about 400 peoples at different stages of ethnic development on ethnic maps. In the north of the continent live the peoples of the Semitic and Berber families, in the east - the Cushitic, in the central part - south of the Sahara, most of the continent is occupied by the Niger-Congo family. Northern Nigeria, Niger and Cameroon are inhabited by peoples of the Chadian family. In the valley of the middle reaches of the Niger, along the shores of lake. Chad, in the Upper Nile basin, lake. Victoria and Rudolf live in the ethnic groups of the Nilo-Saharan family. In the southwestern part of Africa, along with the peoples of the Niger-Congo family, the ethnic groups of the Khoisan family are settled. A small share in Africa is occupied by the peoples of the Indo-European family (Afrikaners, English, French, Spanish, Italians, Portuguese, etc.), mainly living in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Algeria.
Ethnic map America relatively young in age and formed due to migration. With the exception of the Indian peoples, who are represented by 7 families, not a single ethnic group in America has an original ethnic (historical) territory of residence. The ethnic composition of the region is very mixed; almost all families of the world's nations are represented here. That is why most countries in America are currently multinational, in the population of which the following groups are distinguished: the main ethnic group; surviving very small indigenous peoples (Indians, Eskimos, etc.); transitional peoples (immigrants or their descendants who have not completely assimilated, but have already lost ties with the territory of origin; national minorities. Two ethnic groups with a population of more than 100 million people live in the region (Americans, USA, Brazilians). In the very near future, this threshold Mexicans, whose number is 91.05 million people, will step over.
Population Australia and Ocean and is represented by two main groups: aborigines, who make up less than 15% of the total population, and people from other regions of the world (primarily from Europe). Ethnically, people of the Austronesian and Indo-European families live here.
LITERATURE
Main
Alaev E. B. Socio-economic geography. Conceptual and terminological dictionary. M., 1983. 290 p.
Baranov A.V. Socio-demographic development of a large city. M., 1981. 190 p.
Introduction to demography / Ed. V. A. Iontseva, A. A. Sagradova. M., 2002. 636 p.
The whole world. Encyclopedic reference book. Races, peoples, nations and nationalities. M., 2000. 398 p.
Vishnevsky A. G.. Demographic revolution. M., 1976. 240 pp.
Issues of population reproduction and demographic policy. M., 1982. 207 p.
Gozulov A. Russian Population Census 1999 // Issues. statistics. 1997.
Golubchikov Yu. N. Population of the globe // Geography at school. 2002. No. 8. P. 10-21.
Grigoryants M. G.. Population censuses in capitalist countries. M., 1976. 191 p.
Demographic encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1985. 606 p.
Zagorets I. V. Population migrations and migration policy. Mn., 2000.
Iontsev V. A. World migrations. M., 1992.
Kiseleva G. P., Kvasha A. Ya. What do population censuses tell us? M., 1983. 102 p.
Kolosov E. N. 2050: projected population of the countries of the world // Geography at school. 2002. No. 8. P. 12-15.
Kovalev S. A., Kovalskaya N. Ya. Geography of the population of the USSR. M., 1980. 285 pp.
Lysykh S.V. Urban Development Index // Geography at school. 2002. No. 8. P. 23-27.
Marxist-Leninist theory of population / Ed. D. I. Valenteya. M., 1974. 416 p.
Minat V.N. US technopolises: main trends in placement // Geography at school. 2001. No. 4. P. 13-18.
World population. The right to choose: reproductive rights and reproductive health. UNFPA Yearbook. New York, 1997. 88 p.
World population. New generations. Report from the United Nations Population Fund. New York, 1998. 92 p.
World population in 1999. 6 billion: time to choose. Report from the United Nations Population Fund. New York, 1999. 88 p.
World population. One life - two worlds: men and women in a period of change. Report from the United Nations Population Fund. New York, 2000. 92 p.
World population. Stages and milestones: population and environmental change. Report from the United Nations Population Fund. New York, 2001. 90 p.
World population in 2002. Population, poverty and opportunity. Report from the United Nations Population Fund. New York, 2002. 92 p.
Population of the countries of the world. Handbook / Ed. B. Ts. Urlanis and
In A. Borisov. M., 1984. 446 p.
Population: past, present, future. M., 1987. 255 p.
Peoples and religions of the world. Encyclopedia. M., 2000. 928 p.
World population. Demographic reference book. M., 1989. 477 p.
Pivovarov Yu. L. Fundamentals of geourbanism. M., 1999. 231 p.
Pivovarov Yu. L. Urban systems: initial concepts, evolution, prospects // Geography at school. 2001. No. 6. P. 11-27.
Pokshishevsky V. V. On the typology of cities in developing countries // Urbanization of the world (Vopr. Geography, No. 96). M., 1974.
Polyan P. M. Geography of forced migrations in the USSR // Izvestia AN. Ser. geographical. 1999. No. 6. P. 55-62.
Rakovsky S. N. World population at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. Economic and geographical indicators // Geography at school. 2002. No. 9. P. 3-13.
Fertility / Ed. L. E. Darsky. M., 1976. 312 p.
Rybakovsky L. L. Population migration: forecasts, factors, policies. M., 1987.
Sluka A. E., Sluka N. A. Geography of population with basics of demography. M., 2000. 139 p.
Modern demography / Ed. A. Ya. Kvashi, V. A. Iontseva. M., 1995. 268 p.
Fertility factors / Ed. A. G. Volkova. M., 1971. 88 p.
Shuvalov E. L. Geography of population. M., 1977. 160 p.
Yagelsky A. Geography of population. M., 1980. 383 p.
Population Reference Bureau. 2003 World Population Data Sheet.
World Gazetteer population figures for cities, towns and places, 2002.
URL: www. cbook.ru.
URL: http/:www.census.gov.
URL: www.national geographic.com.