Reasons During the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and exploited by British companies in Iraq and Iran began to rapidly increase. Control over North Africa made it possible to “block” both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions of Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
Mussolini's reasons attracted a tidbit of "living space" and hopes of an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. According to the Duce's plan, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to bind significant allied forces in Africa. Since 1940, national socialist geopoliticians have comprehensively studied the project of a “little victorious safari in North Africa.” However, for Hitler this theater of military operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof on July 13, 1940 - ...In Africa we lay claim to the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants to get the rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in this area. They feared an Italian attack on their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill -... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the context of the decisive struggle that was taking place at home...
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, weapons and quality of armor. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, British troops, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Army of the Nile. The British Air Force had aircraft in Egypt and Palestine. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, during the first three months of the war, the Italians lost 3,500 people killed, wounded and prisoners, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane he was flying on as it was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War on the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and its withdrawal from the war focused aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of military operations were of a positional nature. R. GrazianiA. WavellI. BalboItalian soldiers 1940British patrol
Surrender of France Annexation of the USSR from Romania Bessarabia and the North. Bukovina Hitler issued Directive 17 on conducting a wide air war against England, the Battle of Britain began. At the same time... German patrol on the streets of Paris
However, a lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor launched Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps were destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian Army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. A threat looms over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, British headquarters gave an order to suspend the advance of troops at El Agheila. Column of Italian troopsTank "Matilda" On September 16, 1940, Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt R. O ConnorItalian prisoners of war
Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina The Tripartite Pact was signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance Italy's invasion of Greece The British offensive on Eritrea begins The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations to strike in the East. At the same time... At the signing of the “Tripartite Pact”
E. RommelGerman officers in TripoliPrisoned British soldiers. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of Italian forces in Libya in order to, by providing them with assistance, create a strategic bridgehead in North Africa, which would be necessary in the future to capture the whole of Africa. In addition, the seizure of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya and General Erwin Rommel took command of them. The hasty retreat of Italian troops was stopped in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined force began to advance back towards El Agheila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte Desert. On March 31, the German command dealt a blow to the British, which turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
At the same time... Winston Churchill, in a speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic. German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece. The Germans landed an airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
German soldiers near TorbrukK. AuchinleckEnglish soldiers in Torbruk In June 1941, the British command attempted to relieve Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Salloum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, an attack began by British troops, who recaptured several settlements from the Germans. However, a German counterattack on the night of June 18 pushed the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the goal of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Torbruk was released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El-Ageila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR The Battle of Smolensk began "The Atlantic Charter" between England and the USA on the post-war structure of the world The entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran The failure of the German offensive on Moscow Japanese aviation makes an unexpected raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, the United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. At the same time... June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
E. Rommel at the head of a tank column H. Alexander B. Montgomery However, the Italians managed to conduct a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked British troops and drove them back to Torbruk. British troops fortified themselves on the line near Ayn el-Ghazal. Hot on the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped 100 km away. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to immediately break through the defenses of the 8th Army. Hot battles broke out. Until July 27, Rommel tried unsuccessfully to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel renewed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repelled them. From 26 to 27 May 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacked British positions on the Gazala Line west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk. German column in Egypt
Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma. An agreement between the USSR and England on an alliance against Germany was signed. From June 4 to 6, a naval battle took place at Midway Atoll. Capture of Sevastopol by German troops. The battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time... Stalingrad. Battle on the city streets
Australian soldiers 1942 German prisoners of war D. Eisenhower Landing of American troops On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italian-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy’s defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy’s defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army “Africa” was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13. On November 8, 1942, Operation Torch (Torch) began - American-British divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, encountering only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algeria, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. Italian soldiers in Tunisia By order of Hitler, on November 9, 1942, German troops begin landing in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans send troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. German soldiers in Tunisia Meanwhile, the persecution of Rommel's group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops occupied Tripoli on January 23, 1943 and in the first half of February stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya.
The battle began (from November 12 to 15) near the island of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) between the navies of the United States and Japan The beginning of the offensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad The blockade of Leningrad was broken At the same time... Leningrad. Victims of German artillery shelling
Von Arnhem German tanks at the Kessereen Pass American soldiers at the Kessereen Pass On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the Kessereen Pass area, but the Allies repelled the attack, counterattacked and by the end of February Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and the post of commander of the countries' troops The Axis in Africa was occupied by Colonel General von Arnhem. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknassi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, which retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the Allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunis. On May 13, 1943, Italian-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Italian prisoners of war May 1943 Parade to celebrate the Allied victory. Tunisia
Hitler's order on total mobilization (January) - Conference of the US President and British Prime Minister in Casablanca (Morocco) The Battle of Stalingrad ended At the same time... Interrogation of Field Marshal Paulus, who surrendered
Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of Anglo-American troops in Italy became inevitable. The defeat of Italian troops in Africa led to increased defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Losses of the sides British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy French State of Vichy total losses total losses, aircraft, artillery, tanks and vehicles
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The presentation on the topic “General characteristics of Africa” can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).
Presentation slides
Slide 1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA
Lesson plan:
1. Territory and composition of Africa.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Population: reproduction, composition, placement.
4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure.
Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which 53 states (including islands) are located. Just half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The continent's colonial past largely determined its backwardness. In terms of basic economic and social development indicators, Africa lags noticeably behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this lag is even increasing.
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S O S T A W T E R R I T O R I A F R I K I
53 states 47 mainland 6 island
According to the political system, only three states retain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure, there are four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Federal Republics
Slide 3
The main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical position of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. 15 states are landlocked, no continent has so many inland countries, most of these countries are among the most backward.
EXERCISE. Using the map, find inland countries.
Young African states have not yet fully formed politically, so brutal inter-clan and inter-ethnic struggles and political conflicts are common here. The borders inherited by these countries from the colonial past have become a source of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
Slide 4
In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, preserving their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Sl. slide
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NATURAL RESOURCES OF AFRICAN.
Africa has exceptionally diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined using open-pit mining.
1. Algerian-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. Western Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African.
Mineral extraction is mainly carried out within seven mining districts:
EXERCISE. Using atlas maps, classify African countries according to the degree of their wealth in mineral resources. Make a table using the following form:
Slide 7
An example of filling out a table.
South Africa is the richest country in mineral resources. Its depths contain the entire range of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially large. ? Which South African resources are of global importance?
Slide 8
Population of the African continent.
Schedule. Dynamics of population growth in Africa.
Let's look at the graph. The population of the region in 2000 was 820 million people. ? 1) How many times has the population of Africa increased in the 20th century? ? 2) Where is Africa in terms of population?
Africa stands out for its highest rates of population reproduction. This is due to the tradition of having many children and the lack of demographic policy. “Not having money is a disaster, but not having children means being doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
Slide 9
Population in some African countries.
Diagram “African countries with a population of more than 20 million people.”
Using the “business card” on the flyleaf of V.P.’s textbook. Maksakovsky: 1 - find African countries with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 – calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density = number (million people) area of the country (million km2)
Slide 10
Sex and age composition of the population of Africa.
Age composition of the population.
Conventional signs
A high proportion of children will lead to further aggravation of problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest, more than half of adults are illiterate. Average life expectancy is 50 years.
Consider the map “Ratio of men and women.” 1. What is typical for the gender composition of the population in the region as a whole? 2. List the countries in Africa in which women predominate. 3. List the countries in Africa in which men predominate.
Residents of Nigeria
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There are more than 400 ethnic groups on the continent. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the level of nationalities. Remnants of the tribal system are preserved (pictures below). The peoples of North and North-East Africa speak languages of the Himito-Semitic family (Arabs, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, Eastern and Southern Africa are inhabited by Bantu peoples (language - Swahili). Most countries south of the Sahara retain the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, in addition to English, the official language is Afrikaanas (heavily modified Dutch). There are no single-national states on the continent.
Racial and ethnic composition of the African population.
Slide 13
Religious composition of the population.
Analyze the map. What religions have become widespread in different regions of Africa?
Slide 14
Population distribution.
The average population density in Africa is 27 people/km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of populations across the continent is characterized by very sharp contrasts. Generally uninhabited areas are located in the Sahara Desert. It is rare to find a population in the tropical rainforest zone. But there are also quite significant population clusters, especially on the coasts.
Pay attention to Egypt. In fact, its entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile River. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
Slide 15
Conventional signs:
Africa - the region of "urban explosion"
For many centuries, Africa remained predominantly a “rural continent”. And now in terms of the level of urbanization it still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest, the population of cities doubles every 10 years. The emergence of “urban explosion” in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, it is mainly the capital cities that are growing, and they are growing thanks to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of subsistence, huddle in slum areas.
Dynamics of growth in the share of urban population in Africa.
Look at the map. Find out which African countries have the lowest urban population. Which African country has a predominant urban population?
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The largest city in Africa is Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million.
However, living conditions in this overpopulated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja.
Abuja Lagos NIGERIA
The city of Lagos was founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
Slide 17
General characteristics of the economy of African countries.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome centuries-old backwardness. Natural resources have been nationalized, agrarian reform is being carried out, and national personnel are being trained. The restructuring of the industry structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was of predominant importance and the country received the main income from the export of mineral raw materials. Currently, the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and the mining industry predominate, while the manufacturing industries are in their infancy. The development of the economy is also characterized by one-sidedness - a narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export.
PLAN: Industry Transport
Agriculture
Slide 18
Agriculture in Africa.
Remember how commercial agriculture differs from consumer agriculture?
The map shows that most of Africa has a consumer type of agriculture.
The main area of material production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, Central African Republic) it employs more than 80% of the population. Agriculture is of primary importance in most African countries. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Africa's share of world agricultural production.
Harvesting.
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Industry of Africa
The foundations of national industry are laid only in our days. The continent remains the least industrialized part of the world. Foreign capital was interested only in mineral raw materials and therefore energetically developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading place is occupied by the light and food industries. Recently, there has been a trend
tion to increase the role of metallurgy and oil refining. Industrial areas are located in areas where raw materials are extracted and produced and on the coast.
Analyze the Africa Industry map. Highlight the countries with the largest range of manufacturing industries.
Slide 21
Gas pipeline
Electric commuter train.
Cairo Airport, Africa's largest
Steam-powered passenger train
An important task for economic development is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries played the role of a carrier of raw materials from the place of production to the port. Therefore, railway and sea transport have received the greatest development. During the years of independence, other types of transport have also developed.
Slide 22
Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of transport port performance.
EXERCISE. Look at the map. Which African countries have the greatest density of transport networks? Which countries are practically devoid of transport?
The distribution of African transport and the density of the transport network are highly uneven. Transport transport has achieved the greatest development on an African scale in South Africa and in the countries of northern Africa (with the exception of their arid regions), which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically devoid of transport. Transportation on camels, donkeys, mules, and carrying loads by porters are common.
Slide 23
Rail transport in Africa.
The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of internal freight turnover, railway transport occupies a leading position, and in passenger turnover it is ahead of road transport. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (multiple gauges and steam locomotive traction). The first place in the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, accounting for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second is North Africa (Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging behind is Tropical Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. There are still no railways in Niger, Chad, the Central African Republic, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. Railways have a clearly defined character of “penetration lines” - they connect areas of mining or plantation agriculture with the ports of their export products.
Slide 24
Road transport in Africa.
Road transport is the main transport for passengers. In African countries, along with a relatively small number of paved roads, there are a lot of unpaved roads, which are often unsuitable for movement. Since 1980, the governments of many African countries began to invest capital in the creation of transcontinental highways that could unite the transport network into a single whole.
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TRANSAFRICA HIGHWAYS
Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Transmaghreb (which connects all the countries of North Africa). At the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (connecting Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Sahel Highway (connecting Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. International organizations have developed trans-African highway projects (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political and financial-economic problems, the completion date of construction has not been determined.
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WATER TRANSPORT Suez Canal
Passenger ship on the Nile River
Port terminal in Cape Town
Of the 40 thousand km of round-the-clock and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used for shipping (especially in the basins of the Congo and Nile rivers, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See the map.
Niger Congo Nile River transport
Maritime transport
Maritime transport plays a huge role in foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine fleet in the world, but almost all the ships are the property of American, Greek, Russian and other companies that find it profitable to register their ships in Liberia (see map), where taxes on ship ownership are the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in countries exporting oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea canal in the world.
Cape Town Dar es Salaam Mombasa Dakar Casablanca Algeria Alexandria LIBERIA
Slide 27
Generalization. Test yourself.
What changes and why did they occur on the political map of Africa after World War II? How many countries are there on the modern political map of Africa?
EGP countries, political map
Natural resources
How can one assess Africa's natural resource potential? Which African state has an exceptional set of natural resources?
Population
What is the population of the region? Which African countries have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the rate of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages do the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the distribution of the population of Africa? Which countries have the highest and which have the lowest levels of urbanization? How does the “urban explosion” manifest itself in African countries? Name the largest cities in Africa.
Farm characteristics
What facts indicate the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is single-product specialization? Where are the main industrial areas of these countries located? Which manufacturing industries have received the greatest development in African countries? What type of agriculture predominates in these countries? For what export agricultural crops does it occupy a leading place in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most African railways have the character of penetration lines?
Slide 1
Slide 2
Reasons During the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and exploited by British companies in Iraq and Iran began to rapidly increase. Control over North Africa made it possible to “block” both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
Slide 3
Mussolini's reasons attracted a tidbit of "living space" and hopes of an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. According to the Duce's plan, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to bind significant allied forces in Africa. Since 1940, national socialist geopoliticians have comprehensively studied the project of a “little victorious safari in North Africa.” However, for Hitler this theater of military operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof on July 13, 1940 - ...In Africa we lay claim to the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants to get the rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in this area. They feared an Italian attack on their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill -... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the context of the decisive struggle that was taking place at home...
Slide 4
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, weapons and quality of armor. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, British troops, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Army of the Nile. The British air force in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
Slide 5
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, during the first three months of the war, the Italians lost 3,500 people killed, wounded and prisoners, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane he was flying on as it was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War on the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and its withdrawal from the war focused aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of military operations were of a positional nature.
Slide 6
1940.06.22 - Surrender of France 1940.06.28 - Annexation of Bessarabia and North from Romania by the USSR. Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a broad air war against England, the Battle of Britain began. At the same time... German patrol on the streets of Paris
Slide 7
However, a lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor launched Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps were destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian Army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. A threat looms over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, British headquarters ordered a halt to the advance of troops at El Agheila. On September 16, 1940, Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt.
Slide 8
1940.09.23 - Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina. 1940.09.27 - The Tripartite Pact was signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 1940.10.28 - Italian invasion of Greece 1941.01.19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 1941.02.03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for a strike in the East. At the same time... At the signing of the “Tripartite Pact”
Slide 9
. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of Italian forces in Libya in order to, by providing them with assistance, create a strategic bridgehead in North Africa, which would be necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the seizure of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya and General Erwin Rommel took command of them. The hasty retreat of Italian troops was stopped in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined force began to advance back towards El Agheila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte Desert. On March 31, the German command dealt a blow to the British, which turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
Slide 10
At the same time... 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill, in a speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 05.1941.20 - German airborne landing on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
Slide 11
In June 1941, the British command attempted to relieve Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, an attack by British troops began in the area of Es-Salloum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, a German counterattack on the night of June 18 pushed the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the goal of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Torbruk was released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El-Ageila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
Slide 12
1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.07.10 - The Battle of Smolensk began 1941.08.14 - "Atlantic Charter" between England and the USA on the post-war structure of the world 1941.08.25 - Entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran. 1941.12.05-06 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft make a surprise raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, 12/1941/08 - The United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. At the same time... June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
Slide 13
However, the Italians managed to conduct a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked British troops and drove them back to Torbruk. British troops strengthened the line near Ayn el-Ghazal. Hot on the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped 100 km away. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to immediately break through the defenses of the 8th Army. Hot battles broke out. Until July 27, Rommel tried unsuccessfully to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From 31 August to 5 September, Rommel renewed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repelled them. From 26 to 27 May 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacked British positions on the Gazala Line west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
Slide 14
1942.01.20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma 1942.05.26 - The Treaty of the USSR and England on an alliance against Germany is signed. 1942.06.04 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place at Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time... Stalingrad. Battle on the city streets
Slide 15
On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italian-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy’s defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army “Africa” was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13. On November 8, 1942, Operation Torch (Torch) began - American-British divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, encountering only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algeria, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler, on November 9, 1942, German troops began landing in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans send troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of Rommel's group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops occupied Tripoli on January 23, 1943 and in the first half of February stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya. On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the Kesserin Pass area, but the Allies repelled the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and Colonel General von Arnhem took the post of commander of the Axis forces in Africa. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknassi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, which retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the Allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunis. On May 13, 1943, Italian-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of Anglo-American troops in Italy became inevitable. The defeat of Italian troops in Africa led to increased defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side casualties British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State 238,558 total losses 950,000 total losses, 8,000 aircraft, 6,200 artillery pieces, 2,500 tanks and 70,000 vehicles AFRICA VISIT
"Business card" of the region
Teacher Kuznetsov N.K.
Africa Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Africa is the birthplace of humanity Africa is the birthplace of the greatest ancient civilization on Earth - Ancient Egypt. Africa is home to the largest desert in the world - the Sahara.
Africa is home to one of the longest rivers in the world - the Nile.
Jordan
Mediterranean Sea
Africa occupies 20% of the Earth's land area (30.3 million km2), 56 states(with island ones). – more than 1 billion people.
South Sudan
(Juba) - 2011
Regions of Africa- North Africa
- Severn. Africa
- Western Africa
- Center. Africa
- Eastern Africa
- South Africa
Exercise. On a contour map, draw any 10 African countries that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the Year of Africa?
|
Year received independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
DE, WB DE,FR,WB Germany |
|
Year received independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
Germ. Belg. Germ. Belg. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Germ, South Africa Italy (since 1950 part of Ethiopia) |
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Liberation from colonization
African fauna
Flora of Africa
Riches of Africa
The wealth of Africa - in terms of gold reserves and production - 1st place in the world Currently (2015) OPEC includes 12 states, of which 4 are African: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola
Riches of Africa
Tourism in Africa
In the village of the pygmies
In the land of the pyramids
Diving in the Red Sea
Photo safaris in nature reserves
Homework- Topic 8, part 1 to the population
Both world wars affected Africa. In each of them, the African continent, seemingly so far from European political conflicts, was forced to take an active part. However, the contribution of Africans to the victory over fascism remains largely underestimated.
For Africans, World War II began in 1935 when Italy invaded Ethiopia. In some ways, it continued—in the form of a struggle for independence—long after 1945, as Africans demanded recognition of their contribution to the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. The Second World War had a profound impact on the understanding of class, race, and political problems throughout the world. In fact, the Second World War became a catalyst for crisis in the colonial empires and served to transform the nature of political activity throughout the African continent. If before 1945 the struggle of African peoples against colonial oppression was, for the most part, waged not so much for self-government as for some degree of participation in existing governments, then after the war the demand for independence became the basis of the program of all African organizations that counted on popular support. “1945 was the greatest watershed in modern Africa. The most important factor contributing to the growing spirit of resentment in Africa during this period was the return home of African soldiers who had served in the Second World War. African troops were rarely completely reliable for the imperialists, and their uprisings and protests played an important role in the development of African national identity. Particularly great unrest occurred among African troops during the Second World War. Fighting in distant countries, they were imbued with the spirit of the anti-fascist war and returned home completely different.” In their countries, former war participants resolutely did not want to return to low-paid hard work; during the war and post-war years there were mass rallies, demonstrations, and mutinies of military personnel and former soldiers.
Not much is said about the African campaigns of World War II in Russia. However, by the beginning of the war, Africa (especially the northeast) had become a strategic springboard for which a fierce battle ensued. In many ways, the fighting on the “dark continent” predetermined the delay in the opening of the second front. While the Allies were fighting for Africa, the Red Army had already launched a counteroffensive.
American soldiers land on
shore at Azreve in Algeria during an operation
"Torch"
The North African Campaign (June 10, 1940 - May 13, 1943) was military action between Anglo-American and Italian-German forces in North Africa - Egypt and the Maghreb during World War II. During its course, the famous battles of the British with the troops of the German General Rommel, known as the “desert fox,” and the landing of American-British troops in Morocco and Algeria (landing operation “Torch”, November 1942) took place. The East African campaign officially lasted less than a year and a half - from June 10, 1940 to November 27, 1941, but Italian soldiers continued to fight in Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea until the end of 1943, until they received the order to surrender. De Gaulle and British troops landed on Madagascar, which was a supply base for Japanese submarines in the Indian Ocean, in May 1942, and by November of the same year the island was liberated from Vichy and Japanese troops.
Academician A.B. Davidson wrote that during the Second World War, military operations in Tropical Africa were carried out only on the territory of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia. “In 1941, British troops, together with Ethiopian partisans and with the active participation of the Somalis, occupied the territories of these countries. There were no military operations in other countries of Tropical and Southern Africa. But hundreds of thousands of Africans were mobilized into the metropolitan armies. Even more people had to serve the troops and work for military needs. Africans fought in North Africa, Western Europe, the Middle East, Burma, and Malaya. On the territory of the French colonies there was a struggle between the Vichyites and supporters of the Free French, which, as a rule, did not lead to military clashes. The policy of the metropolis in relation to the participation of Africans in the war was twofold: on the one hand, they sought to use the human resources of Africa as fully as possible, on the other hand, they were afraid to allow Africans into modern forms. Most of the mobilized Africans served in the auxiliary troops, but many still underwent full combat training and received military specialties as drivers, radio operators, signalmen, etc.”
By the beginning of the war, Africa (especially the northeast) had become a strategic bridgehead, for which a fierce battle unfolded.
Over a million African soldiers fought for the colonial powers in the Second World War. Few of them initially understood the reasons for the war and the meaning of what they were fighting for. Only a few soldiers knew more about Hitler and fascism.
One veteran, John Henry Smith from Sierra Leone, recalled that his teacher gave him Hitler's Mein Kampf to read. “We read what this man was going to do to black Africans if he came to power. It was a book that would make every African rebel against something like it happened to me.” So John became a volunteer and joined the Royal Air Force, where he served as a navigator.
Africans in the Second World War found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a war that was not theirs. Since 1939, hundreds of thousands of soldiers from West Africa were sent to the European front. Many residents of the British colonies served as porters or did other work to support the troops. Although there were Africans who were willing to volunteer to fight fascism, in most cases there was a forced mobilization of Africans to the front.
African French soldiers
colonial army
Whether as soldiers or prisoners of war, Africans at the front were in close contact with European soldiers and the realities of European life. They realized that Europeans are the same mortal, vulnerable people, no higher or better than themselves. It should be noted that the attitude towards black soldiers on the part of their white comrades in arms and commanders was often biased and unfair. Well-known South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted in his article dedicated to the visit of South African President J. Zuma to Moscow to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany that “racial discrimination in the South African army was so deeply rooted that there were deaths, black and white , were buried separately." He gave examples of the feats that some South African soldiers had performed and noted that if they had not been black, they would undoubtedly have received the highest British military award, the Victoria Cross. Instead, at the end of the war, black soldiers received greatcoats and bicycles as rewards.
The war experience greatly changed Africans' awareness of their own situation. Many veterans, upon returning home, took part in liberation movements, but some of them were reproached by independence fighters for fighting on the side of the colonialists and oppressors. Many of the still living African World War II veterans feel bitter because their contribution to the victory over fascism was not appreciated. Deutsche Welle quotes 93-year-old war veteran Albert Kuniuku from Kinshasa (DR Congo), chairman of the Veterans Union: “I receive a monthly war pension of 5,000 Congolese francs (equal to 4.8 euros, 5.4 dollars ). This is not worthy of someone who defended Belgian interests."
Africans in the Second World War found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a war that was not theirs.
Africans also knew about the role of the Soviet Union in the fight against fascism. The more educated, politically active Africans who took part in the war apparently had a sufficient understanding of this. However, funny things happened. The oldest employee of the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, veteran of the Great Patriotic War P.I. Kupriyanov, at the celebration of Victory Day within the walls of the Institute in 2015, told a funny story: a few years after the end of the war, he visited Liberia, where an elderly Liberian one day came to his hotel, who during wartime had listened on the radio about the successes of the Red Army and came look at the Soviet soldier. He noted with surprise that the Soviet soldier was quite young, not very tall, and his skin color was not red. From listening to the radio, he formed the image of a giant soldier with a red skin tone, because only such amazing people, as it seemed to a simple African, could crush Hitler’s army.
Congolese bugler, 1943
In the article already mentioned above, South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted that “the victory over fascism saved the world from slavery and disaster. It also led to the collapse of the colonial system and contributed to Africa’s independence and the emergence of armed liberation movements such as ours, which received support from the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp.” He noted that attempts are being made to downplay and distort the role of the USSR in the victory over fascism, to rewrite history, and pointed out the danger of such attempts. They are dangerous because hiding the truth about the Second World War for the sake of geopolitical interests leads to the forgetting of the lessons of history by modern youth around the world. R. Kasrils noted that fascism is now on the rise in different parts of Europe and that the world must work together to prevent its new spread.
Despite efforts to present England and America as the main victors, and despite the real importance of the Allied victories in North Africa, the Battle of Britain, and the opening of the second, Western, front, R. Kasrils emphasized that the main theater of war was the Eastern Front, the confrontation between the USSR and Nazi Germany , where the outcome of the war was decided. “Propaganda and lies are generated by the West in order to hide the true nature of the Second World War and the enormous debt that humanity owes to the Russian people and the peoples of the former USSR. They, without any doubt, took the brunt of the blow and saved the world from fascism.”
For African countries, as well as for Russia, it is important to remember the history of their participation in the Second World War as it was, without allowing its distortions, downplaying the role of those who fought against fascism, and forgetting their important contribution to the common victory over this evil.